Magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection in lid-driven curvilinear enclosure with nanofluid and partial porous layer

The current research numerically investigated the inclined magnetic field effects on the combined forced and natural convection in lid driven curvilinear cavity filled with Cu-H₂O nanoliquid and a partial porous layer. The complex cavity is partially filled with a porous layer about the lower half and heated with a constant heat source. The entire cavity is occupied with Cu-water nanoliquid. The upper horizontal wall is at a cold temperature and moving towards the right with a constant velocity. The geometry is subjected to an inclined magnetic field. The derived mathematical models are computed numerically using the FEM-based tool. The thermal behavior is assessed through a range of variables, such as Richardson number (0.1 to 10), Darcy number (10 ^-5 to 10 ^-1), Reynolds number (30 to 200), Hartmann number (0 to 60), γ (0 to 60°), and nanoparticle concentration ϕ (0.0 to 0.06) at constant Prandtl number, Pr = 6.2, and porosity, ε = 0.4. The main findings indicate that heat transfer inside the cavity rise with the increase of Ri, Re, ϕ, and Da numbers, while decreasing with the rise of the MHD strength. Also, at a low Reynolds number, Re = 30, the value of Nu_avg only increased by 18% with the increases in Ri number from 0.1 to 10; however, the increase in Nu_avg increased to 64% with a high Reynolds number, Re = 200.